BKM ops trade at ~10× earnings, right on the marine sector average, with a 12.9¢ net cash anchor per share
📊 Beng Kuang Marine (FY2025, ended 31 Dec 2025)
Cash & cash equivalents: S$37.38mTotal borrowings: S$10.50m
Net cash: S$26.88m
Shares outstanding: 208,987,973
EPS: S$0.0261 (2.61 cents)
Market price: S$0.39 (as at 2 Apr 26)
🧾 Key Valuation Metrics
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Net cash per share | S$0.129 (12.9¢ ) |
| Headline P/E | ~15.0× |
| Adjusted P/E (ex‑ net cash) | ~10.0× |
| Sector average P/E | ~9&ndash 10× |
⚖ ️ Interpretation
- Each share is backed by ~12.9¢ of net cash.
- Stripping out this net cash, the operating business is valued at ~10× earnings &mdash right in line with the sector average.
- Headline P/E of 15× looks slightly rich, but the strong cash anchor makes the adjusted valuation fair.
 
 
Joelton ( Date: 04-Apr-2026 10:58) Posted:
|
From Turnaround to Takeover: After 100% Stock Gain, BENG KUANG MARINE Anchors Its Future on a Buyout
BKM is set to deliver NPAT of  $12.1mln  and  S$18.1mln  in FY26F and FY27F respectively.
This  valuation approach represents a small discount to its peers  and also reflects the timing of earnings consolidation, as full  contribution from ASOM will only be reflected from 2HFY26F  onwards.
We have the following investment thesis:
1. FPSO servicing remains key in the O& G value chain, as ageing  vessels must meet international standards to stay operational,  amidst tight FPSO supply.
Middle East conflict is also a net  positive in the medium term.
2. Post-acquisition, BKM will fully consolidate ASOM&rsquo s earnings,  with valuations dropping from FY25 PE of 15.5x to 10.2x and  6.9x in FY26F and FY27F.
On a like for like FY25 EPS of c.2.6  cents would have risen to c.4.8 cents pro-forma (+c.84%yoy).
3. The acquisition is both earnings and valuation accretive.
We  see no teething issues given BKM&rsquo s initial stake, while the  structure of the transaction is sound and current ASOM mgmt.  remains incentivised to continue delivering for BKM.
4. Investors can now better understand ASOM&rsquo s business, which  was previously a black box. This added visibility could support  a valuation re-rating as BKM is now essentially a recurring  off shore service provider.
ASOM provides predictable,  steady and recurring income backed by cash flows.
5. Continued value unlocking by CEO Yong, including growth in the Deck Equipment and Shipbuilding under the IE segment, which secured $14.2mln and $7.8mln of contracts in FY25.
6. BKM operates in structural infrastructure maintenance, not contracting, and thus benefits from rising energy security investments that drive marine compliance, inspection, and corrosion prevention.
7. BKM&rsquo s net cash position (32% of mkt cap) provides financial flexibility to pursue asset-backed marine investments through joint ventures, creating additional earnings streams beyond its core engineering services.
When crude oil prices rise, offshore marine stocks like Beng Kuang Marine (BKM) tend to benefit indirectly, but the impact is nuanced:
🔎 Positive Implications
-
Higher Offshore Activity- Rising oil prices encourage oil majors to increase exploration and production (E& P) spending.
- This drives demand for offshore support services, ship repair, and marine engineering &mdash areas where BKM operates.
-
Stronger Order Book Potential- Offshore projects that were previously uneconomical at lower oil prices may restart.
- BKM could secure more contracts for shipyard services, floating structures, and marine engineering solutions.
-
Investor Sentiment Boost- Offshore marine stocks are often seen as oil price proxies.
- Rising crude prices can lift valuations across the sector, even before earnings catch up.
⚠ ️ Challenges & Risks
-
Cost Pressures- Higher oil prices also raise fuel and input costs for marine operations.
- Margins may be squeezed if costs cannot be passed on to clients.
-
Volatility Risk- Oil prices are cyclical sudden drops can quickly reverse sentiment.
- Offshore marine firms are highly exposed to these swings.
-
Capital Intensity- Offshore projects require heavy upfront investment. If financing costs remain high, rising oil prices alone may not be enough to trigger a surge in activity.
📊 Scenario Mapping
| Oil Price Trend | Offshore Marine Impact | Beng Kuang Marine Implication |
|---|---|---|
| Sustained High (> US$80 Brent) | More offshore projects, stronger demand | Potential uplift in contracts & sentiment |
| Volatile Swings | Project delays, cautious spending | Order book uncertainty |
| Falling Prices (< US$60 Brent) | Reduced offshore activity | Weak demand, margin pressure |
✅ Takeaway
For Beng Kuang Marine, rising crude oil prices are generally supportive, as they revive offshore activity and improve investor sentiment. The upside lies in stronger project pipelines and potential contract wins, though the company must manage higher operating costs and sector volatility.
 
Full research report from Lim & Tan Sec
https://www.nextinsight.net/images/stories/Misc2026/StockReport-BengKuangMarine31March2026_compressed.pdf
https://www.nextinsight.net/images/stories/Misc2026/StockReport-BengKuangMarine31March2026_compressed.pdf
Today' s chart
Green line : 20SMA, Blue: 50SMA,  Brown: 200SMA
Bottom indicators: RSI, MACD
Bottom indicators: RSI, MACD
JurongW ( Date: 01-Apr-2026 23:00) Posted:
|
Trading Idea
Bought 10,000 shares at $0.395 before close of trading to test my thesis.
Target Exit Price: $0.52 (Projected Returns: ~31%)
Note: Lim & Tan target price of $0.535 is based on 12x mutliple of FY26/27 blended earnings
Bought 10,000 shares at $0.395 before close of trading to test my thesis.
Target Exit Price: $0.52 (Projected Returns: ~31%)
Note: Lim & Tan target price of $0.535 is based on 12x mutliple of FY26/27 blended earnings
Summary of  chart breakout, FY2025 financials, and the 2026 non‑ deal roadshow positioning to answer whether Beng Kuang Marine looks investable at SGD 0.395:
 
📊 Technical Picture
- Second cup‑ and‑ handle breakout confirmed above 0.38&ndash 0.39.
- Measured target: 0.50&ndash 0.51 based on cup depth projection.
- Momentum: EMA 5 > EMA 20, price holding above both, volume strong (~2.9M shares).
- Risk zone: If price fails to hold 0.39&ndash 0.40, pullback toward 0.34&ndash 0.35 support.
💰 Fundamentals (FY2025)
- Revenue: SGD 98.2M (&darr 12% YoY).
- Net Profit: SGD 12.5M (&darr 41% YoY).
- Margins: Gross margin 37.1% (improved), net margin 12.7% (compressed).
- Cash Flow: Operating cash flow SGD 26.6M (&uarr 80% YoY).
- Balance Sheet: Net cash SGD 37.4M, debt/equity 0.29, interest coverage 25x &rarr very strong.
- Dividend: 0.6 cents/share (yield ~1.5%).
🌍 Strategic Positioning (Roadshow 2026)
- Recurring revenue base: 80%+ from FPSO lifecycle services.
- Mandatory compliance cycles: Embedded demand every 2.5&ndash 5 years.
- ASOM acquisition: Immediately accretive, boosting EPS by ~86%.
- Global footprint: 19 FPSOs under management, expanding into West Africa, South America, Guyana.
- Valuation: ASOM acquired at 8.2x P/E vs SGX peer median ~25x &rarr attractive.
⚠ ️ Risks
- Execution delays: FY2025 revenue dip from West Africa FPSO project timing.
- Receivables ageing: Longer collection cycles could strain cash.
- Dilution: 58M warrants at SGD 0.22 + placements expand share base.
- Small‑ cap volatility: Thin liquidity amplifies swings.
✅ Investment Takeaway at 0.395
- Upside:
- Technical breakout points toward 0.50&ndash 0.51 (+27%).
- Lim & Tan&rsquo s target (0.535) implies ~35% upside.
- Strong cash flow, net cash balance, and accretive acquisition support fundamentals.
- Downside:
- If breakout fails, retracement toward 0.34&ndash 0.35 (~14% downside).
- Dilution risk could cap EPS growth.
Conclusion: At 0.395, Beng Kuang Marine is worth considering for opportunistic investors who believe in the FPSO lifecycle story and ASOM integration. It is not a stable dividend play, but a speculative small‑ cap turnaround with credible upside if execution holds.
 
Beng Kuang Marine&rsquo s 2026 non‑ deal roadshow highlights its transformation into an FPSO lifecycle earnings platform: ~80% recurring revenue mix, gross margin at 37.1%, net cash of S$37.4M, and strong operating cash flow of S$26.6M. The company positions itself as embedded in mandatory compliance cycles of FPSOs, with growth driven by asset expansion, regional diversification, and deeper scope per asset. The acquisition of ASOM is presented as immediately accretive, boosting EPS by ~86% even under dilution scenarios.
📊 Core Investment Case
-
Lifecycle Spend is Mandatory:- Corrosion, fatigue, and structural integrity issues force recurring maintenance.
- Compliance cycles every 2.5&ndash 5 years non‑ compliance = production shutdown.
- BKM executes offshore repairs live, avoiding costly dry‑ dock downtime.
-
Recurring Revenue Base:- 19 FPSOs currently under management (Feb 2026).
- 7 core FPSOs generated S$219M cumulative lifecycle revenue across 2022&ndash 2025.
- Recurring mix expanded from 68% (FY2022) &rarr 80%+ (FY2025).
📈 Financial Highlights (FY2025)
- Revenue: S$98.2M (&darr 12% YoY due to project timing).
- Gross Margin: 37.1% (highest in 5 years, up +250bps despite lower revenue).
- Operating Cash Flow: S$26.6M (&uarr 80% YoY).
- Net Cash Position: S$37.4M (vs net debt in FY2020).
- Normalized PBT: S$15.1M (&darr 10% YoY, but cleaner earnings with no one‑ offs).
🏦 ASOM Acquisition
- Valuation: Acquired at 8.2x P/E, below BKM&rsquo s own 12.1x and SGX peer median of ~25.1x.
- EV/EBITDA: 4.9x vs peer floor 5.7x.
- Structure: Up to S$60M consideration (S$20M cash, S$20M shares, S$20M earn‑ outs).
- EPS Impact: Baseline EPS 2.61¢ &rarr post‑ acquisition EPS 4.53¢ (+86.4%).
- Accretive across scenarios: Even after dilution from warrants and placements.
🌍 Market Opportunity
- Global FPSO/FSO fleet: 335 operating + 66 newbuilds (2022&ndash 2027) = 400+ assets.
- Ageing fleet: > 70% of FPSOs are > 10 years old life‑ extension costs 30&ndash 50% of newbuild.
- Geographic footprint: SE Asia, West Africa, South America, Guyana.
- Expansion vector: Direct field owner relationships (ExxonMobil, Azule Energy, PTTEP) &rarr longer tenure, higher margin.
🔎 Strategic Transformation
- Then (FY2020): Capex‑ heavy, project‑ based, low margin, net debt, loss‑ making.
- Now (FY2025): Asset‑ light, lifecycle‑ driven, 37% margin, net cash, dividend‑ paying, recurring revenue.
- Core driver: FPSO lifecycle services (70&ndash 80% of revenue).
- Adjacencies: Deck equipment (S$14.2M pipeline), shipbuilding JV (Epsilon) &mdash optional upside, not valuation anchor.
⚠ ️ Risks & Considerations
- Execution risk: Project timing shifts (e.g., West Africa FPSO delays).
- Receivables ageing: Longer collection cycles remain a concern.
- Dilution: Warrants and placements expand share base.
- Sector cyclicality: Dependent on offshore oil & gas activity, though lifecycle spend is less deferrable.
✅ Investor View: Beng Kuang Marine is now positioned as a structurally recurring, asset‑ light FPSO lifecycle platform. With strong cash flow, high margins, and an accretive acquisition, fundamentals support upside. The key is execution on FPSO compliance cycles and integration of ASOM.
 
Financial Analysis
 
 
 
📊 Profitability Ratios
-
Gross Margin:
[ \frac{36.4M}{98.2M} \approx 37.1% ]
&rarr Improved from 34.6% in FY2024, showing better cost control. -
Operating Margin:
[ \frac{15.7M}{98.2M} \approx 16.0% ]
&rarr Down from ~19% in FY2024 due to lower revenue and project delays. -
Net Margin:
[ \frac{12.5M}{98.2M} \approx 12.7% ]
&rarr Halved compared to FY2024 (~19%), reflecting weaker bottom line. -
Return on Equity (ROE):
[ \frac{12.5M}{36.1M} \approx 34.6% ]
&rarr Still strong, but down from ~74% in FY2024.
💰 Liquidity Ratios
-
Current Ratio:
[ \frac{Current Assets}{Current Liabilities} = \frac{82.9M}{46.6M} \approx 1.78 ]
&rarr Healthy, improved from 1.53 in FY2024. -
Quick Ratio:
[ \frac{Cash + Receivables}{Current Liabilities} = \frac{37.4M + 35.5M}{46.6M} \approx 1.56 ]
&rarr Strong liquidity even without inventory.
🏦 Leverage Ratios
-
Debt‑ to‑ Equity:
[ \frac{10.5M}{36.1M} \approx 0.29 ]
&rarr Very low leverage after bond redemption. -
Interest Coverage:
[ \frac{EBIT}{Interest Expense} = \frac{15.7M}{0.61M} \approx 25.7x ]
&rarr Extremely comfortable debt burden is minimal.
📈 Efficiency Ratios
- Receivables Turnover:
[ \frac{98.2M}{35.5M} \approx 2.77x ]
&rarr Collection cycle ~132 days, showing slower payments. - Asset Turnover:
[ \frac{98.2M}{82.9M} \approx 1.18x ]
&rarr Reasonable efficiency, slightly down from FY2024.
🔎 Key Takeaways
- Strengths: Strong liquidity, low debt, high ROE despite earnings drop.
- Weaknesses: Net margin compressed, receivables ageing worsened, EPS halved.
- Risk: Dilution from warrants (58M outstanding at SGD 0.22) and placements.
- Outlook: Asset‑ light model and FPSO service pipeline support long‑ term upside, but execution on delayed projects is critical.
 
Fundamental Analysis of FY25 Financial Statement by Copilot
 
Beng Kuang Marine&rsquo s FY2025 results show profitability but weaker earnings compared to FY2024, with net profit halving to SGD 12.5M due to project delays and the absence of one‑ off gains. The company remains cash‑ flow positive, has deleveraged its balance sheet, and is pivoting toward an asset‑ light model, but execution risks in offshore projects and customer payment delays remain key concerns.
✅ Investor View: Beng Kuang Marine is a speculative turnaround play. At ~SGD 0.395/share, it trades between cautious (0.30) and bullish (0.535) analyst targets. Strong cash flow and sector demand support upside, but project execution and dilution risks mean investors should treat it as a high‑ risk, mid‑ cap growth candidate rather than a stable dividend stock.
 
 
Beng Kuang Marine&rsquo s FY2025 results show profitability but weaker earnings compared to FY2024, with net profit halving to SGD 12.5M due to project delays and the absence of one‑ off gains. The company remains cash‑ flow positive, has deleveraged its balance sheet, and is pivoting toward an asset‑ light model, but execution risks in offshore projects and customer payment delays remain key concerns.
📊 Financial Performance (FY2025 vs FY2024)
| Metric | FY2025 | FY2024 | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | SGD 98.2M | SGD 111.9M | &darr 12.3% |
| Gross Profit | SGD 36.4M | SGD 38.7M | &darr 6.0% |
| Gross Margin | 37.1% | 34.6% | &uarr (improved efficiency) |
| Net Profit | SGD 12.5M | SGD 21.2M | &darr 40.9% |
| EPS (basic) | 2.61 cents | 5.79 cents | &darr 54.9% |
| EBITDA | SGD 20.6M | SGD 29.2M | &darr 29.5% |
| Operating Cash Flow | SGD 26.6M | SGD 14.8M | &uarr 79.9% |
💰 Balance Sheet & Cash Flow
- Cash & equivalents: SGD 37.4M (&uarr from 22.9M in 2024).
- Borrowings: SGD 10.5M (&uarr from 8.2M, but bonds redeemed).
- Net assets: SGD 36.1M (&uarr from 28.5M).
- Current ratio: 1.78 (&uarr from 1.53) &rarr stronger liquidity.
- Free cash flow: SGD 21.3M (&uarr from 12.3M).
📈 Segment Analysis
-
Infrastructure Engineering (IE):- Revenue fell 14.1% (SGD 78.5M vs 91.4M).
- Delays in West Africa FPSO projects and weaker deck equipment sales.
- Healthy order book (~SGD 14.2M new contracts secured in 2025).
-
Corrosion Prevention (CP):- Revenue dipped 4% (SGD 19.6M vs 20.4M).
- Singapore stable (FPSO modules, offshore wind projects).
- Batam operations slowed due to project completions and competition.
🏦 Capital & Shareholder Returns
- Share capital: 209M shares (&uarr from 199M due to warrants, scrip dividend, compensation shares).
- Dividend: 0.6 cents per share (same as FY2024, payable June 2026).
- Warrants: 58M outstanding, exercisable at SGD 0.22 until 2027 &rarr potential dilution.
🔎 Fundamental Takeaways
-
Strengths:- Positive cash flow and improved margins.
- Deleveraging reduced finance costs (SGD 0.61M vs 0.95M).
- Healthy FPSO maintenance pipeline (23 FPSOs serviced globally).
-
Weaknesses/Risks:- Revenue decline from project delays in Africa.
- Net profit halved due to absence of one‑ off gains.
- Receivables ageing worsened (&uarr overdue > 150 days).
- Dilution risk from warrants and placements.
-
Outlook:- Industry tailwinds: ageing FPSO fleet (> 180 units worldwide, many > 30 years old).
- Strategy: focus on shorter‑ term, higher‑ margin contracts asset‑ light model.
- Dividend continuity signals confidence, but growth depends on execution of FPSO and corrosion projects.
✅ Investor View: Beng Kuang Marine is a speculative turnaround play. At ~SGD 0.395/share, it trades between cautious (0.30) and bullish (0.535) analyst targets. Strong cash flow and sector demand support upside, but project execution and dilution risks mean investors should treat it as a high‑ risk, mid‑ cap growth candidate rather than a stable dividend stock.
 
 
📊 Cup‑ and‑ Handle Breakout
- Handle Resistance: The handle&rsquo s ceiling sat around 0.38 to 0.39. Price has now broken above this zone, with the latest move to 0.395 confirming the breakout.
- Measured Move Target: Using the depth annotation (&ldquo ‑ 13&rdquo ), the projected target is 0.51 (38 + 13 = 51). This aligns with classic cup‑ and‑ handle breakout math: add the cup depth to the breakout level.
- Volume: The breakout was backed by ~2.9M shares traded, which is strong relative to average turnover. Sustained volume is key to validating the move.
- Momentum: EMA 5 > EMA 20, and price is holding above both &mdash a bullish alignment that supports continuation.
🔎 Implications
- Bullish Case: Breakout from the handle suggests upside toward 0.50 to 0.51 if momentum holds.
- Risk Zone: If price fails to sustain above 0.39 to 0.40, it could slip back to the 0.34 to 0.35 support band.
- Next Watchpoint: A decisive close above 0.41 with continued volume would strengthen the breakout signal and confirm the move toward higher targets.
⚠ ️ Investor Takeaway
- The second cup and handle has broken its handle resistance &mdash technically bullish.
- The breakout is valid, but confirmation requires holding above 0.39 to 0.40 and pushing through 0.41.
- Upside projection sits around 0.51, while downside risk is anchored at 0.34 to 0.35.
 
 
Lim & Tan Securities target price is also 53.5 cents. 

JurongW ( Date: 01-Apr-2026 16:15) Posted:
|
Great observation. This will be the second cup and handle.  Price objective ~ 40 + 13 (depth) = ~ 53.
ozone2002 ( Date: 01-Apr-2026 16:06) Posted:
|
Another cup n handle in the making
JurongW ( Date: 01-Apr-2026 16:05) Posted:
|
Resuming its uptrend to test next resistance at $0.42.
Lim and Tan initiates &lsquo buy&rsquo rating for Beng Kuang Marine
On the back of successful execution of business strategies to enhance shareholder value and sector tailwinds, Lim and Tan Securities have initiated coverage on Beng Kuang Marine with a &ldquo buy&rdquo rating at target price of 53.5 cents.
In their March 31 report, Nicholas Yon and Chan En Jie note that CEO Yong Jiunn Run has turned around the company from a lost-making leveraged shipyard operator into a profitable asset-light offshore and marine (O& M) service provider. They observe that the company has pivoted from capital-intensive shipyard operations to higher-margin recurring services.
Their confidence in Beng Kuang is driven by a combination of factors. Firstly, at the business level, Beng Kuang has announced a proposal to acquire the remaining 49% stake it does not own in its 51%-owned subsidiary, Asian Sealand Offshore and Marine (ASOM), for $60 million. The subsidiary offers a comprehensive range of services to O& M assets, including maintenance, repair and inspection.
For the last few years, ASOM has contributed the bulk of Beng Kuang&rsquo s revenue under the infrastructure engineering segment which for the latest financial year contributed 90% of operating profit. With the acquisition, Beng Kuang will consolidate 100% of ASOM&rsquo s earnings and cash flows. Yon and Chan project earnings per share to increase from 2.6 cents to 3.6 cents for FY2026 after. They also highlight improved quality of earnings, with a higher share derived from recurring offshore lifecycle income.
In addition, Yon and Chan believe that the ASOM transaction is a &ldquo good&rdquo deal that &ldquo pays for itself&rdquo , noting that cash is paid to ASOM, which will be owned by Beng Kuang. They also point out that ASOM&rsquo s current management will take a 20% stake in Beng Kuang and will continue to manage ASOM post-transaction, ensuring business continuity.
The second factor influencing Yon and Chan&rsquo s report is the sustained demand for O& M support services. They see structural tailwinds such as higher oil prices and tight supply of floating, production, storage and offloading (FPSO) vessels to drive demand for Beng Kuang&rsquo s services in infrastructure engineering to maintain, repair, inspect and extend lifespans of offshore assets.
Another demand factor supporting Beng Kuang is the corrosion prevention market which the company also operates in. Citing market intelligence, the global offshore wind corrosion protection market could grow from US$3.8 trillion to more than US$10 trillion by 2033, representing a huge opportunity for Beng Kuang&rsquo s corrosion prevention division.
Based on Beng Kuang&rsquo s business model of operating in structural infrastructure maintenance, Yon an Chan expect the company to benefit from rising energy security investments that drive marine compliance, inspection, and corrosion prevention. They also note value-unlocking and asset monetisation initiatives, such as new contracts in deck equipment and shipbuilding worth around $22 million that were secured in FY2025 and land sales over the last few years.
Yon and Chan project Beng Kuang&rsquo s FY2026 and FY2027 net profit after tax of $12.1 million and $18.1 respectively. Their target price of 53.5 cents is based on 12 times of forecasted blended FY2026 and FY2027 earnings, which represent a small discount to peers and reflects timing of earnings consolidation as full contribution from ASOM will only be reflected from the second half of FY2026.
Beng Kuang Marine Limited (SGX: BEZ) &ndash Non-Deal Roadshow 2026
 
Beng Kuang Marine continues to position itself as a lifecycle execution partner, capturing recurring, compliance-driven revenue streams across offshore assets. With 19 active FPSOs and over 80% recurring revenue mix, the Group&rsquo s earnings profile is increasingly repeatable, sustainable, and predictable.
 
Key investment highlights include:
 
&bull   Lifecycle-driven earnings model &ndash Revenue is anchored to mandatory maintenance, regulatory compliance cycles, and asset ageing dynamics, rather than dependent on new contract wins
&bull   Strong recurring revenue visibility &ndash Multi-year revenue generated from the same FPSO assets, with over S$219 million in cumulative lifecycle revenue across core assets
&bull   Structural growth tailwinds &ndash Expansion in fleet size, geographic footprint, and service scope continues to deepen embedded presence across offshore operations
&bull   Attractive market opportunity &ndash A global base of over 400 FPSO/FSO assets, with ageing fleets and compliance requirements driving sustained lifecycle expenditure
&bull   Margin resilience and earnings quality &ndash Gross margins have expanded to 37.1%, supported by a strategic pivot towards higher-value lifecycle services, even amid revenue timing fluctuations
&bull   Disciplined capital allocation &ndash The ASOM acquisition enhances lifecycle exposure at attractive valuation multiples, supporting immediate earnings accretion
 
The Group&rsquo s strategy to deepen engagement with both FPSO operators and direct field owners further strengthens its long-term positioning, enhancing revenue visibility and margin profile.
 
As offshore assets continue to age and regulatory requirements intensify, Beng Kuang Marine remains well-positioned to capture structural, non-cyclical growth through its embedded role in lifecycle execution.
 
See full slides here:  https://www.bkmgroup.com.sg/frontend/web/index.php?r=attachment/download& id=1423